Roteiro de estudos para aprender inglês sozinho – 45ª Semana

Olá, leitor!

Esta é a quadragésima quinta semana do Roteiro de Estudos para Aprender Inglês Sozinho, é importante que as semanas sejam seguidas a risca para que o método funcione com sucesso, e que você alcance o seu potencial.

Caso você esteja chegando agora, acesse a primeira semana através deste link para começar essa jornada com o pé direito.

Se perdeu o roteiro da 44ª semana é só acessar este link.

Roteiro de Estudos – 45ª Semana

Desde a 31ª semana, o nosso roteiro ganhou uma cara um pouco diferente e mais arrojada. Passamos a trabalhar com um formato que tende a focar menos na parte gramatical e nas regras, e olha mais para a vivência do inglês, ou seja, busca mais a expansão do vocabulário e a compreensão de textos e atividades mais complexas, tanto na leitura e na escrita como no entendimento do que se é ouvido.

Para que você possa alcançar a fluência ou proficiência no língua inglesa, principalmente a partir desta etapa mais avançada, é importante ter em mente não apenas o conteúdo já passado, que será reforçado agora por meio das atividades, mas também e principalmente se empenhando em manter uma frequência de escrita e treino de listening que te ajude a realmente evoluir na linguagem. Pois, sem o uso constante nesta fase do aprendizado as metas desejadas se tornaram cada vez mais difíceis de ser alcançadas. Isso é natural em qualquer língua, até mesmo no português que, se não é constantemente utilizado em sua forma correta pode se tornar defasado.

Caso você precise repassar a explicação de cada etapa deste novo roteiro, busque voltar no roteiro da 31ª semana e ler o passo a passo completo.

Além dessas dicas, atente-se para o fato de que a sua frequência de estudos é essencial para o aprendizado e que cumprir os exercícios propostos é importantíssimo para o desenvolvimento e evolução deste roteiro. Busque também manter conversas ou até mesmo ler seus próprios textos em voz alta e gravá-los para ouvir mais tarde, faça qualquer tipo de atividade que envolva a conversa e a oratória. Isso é uma peça-chave no caminho da fluência em qualquer língua. Aproveite sua evolução no listening para perceber os próprios erros e corrigí-los, assim, você vai gravá-los definitivamente.

Leitura e Interpretação – Coffee

Research Check: does drinking coffee help you live longer?

Clare Collins | 5 July 2018

There’s only one thing better than a hot cup of coffee in the morning: a new research paper telling you your daily habit is good for your health. Headlines this week presented the good news from the journal JAMA Internal Medicine:
Like many previous studies, the JAMA paper found people who drank coffee had a lower risk of dying of any cause – and specifically, of dying from heart disease and cancer – over the course of the study. But this study only shows a correlation between drinking coffee and a lower risk of early death. It doesn’t show coffee was the cause of the lower risk.
The research is important, however, because it overturns the theory that people who drink six or more cups of coffee a day are at greater risk of early death. This issue had not been effectively addressed in previous studies.

How was the research conducted?

This was a prospective trial, which tracked almost half a million British residents over ten years as part of the UK Biobank study.
In a prospective trial, subjects are recruited, then their health and illness are followed over time. We have a good idea of how healthy they were to start off with. We also have a good idea of other factors that could impact their health from the start, rather than trying to reconstruct them after they have developed a disease.
In a baseline questionnaire, subjects gave detailed responses to coffee consumption (how much, how often, what types of coffee and whether it was caffeinated or decaffeinated), as well as other factors such as alcohol, tea, race, education, physical activity, body mass index (BMI) and smoking (including intensity, type of tobacco and time since quitting).
Past research suggested people who break down caffeine more slowly are at greater risk of heart disease. This turns out not to be the case.
The volunteers were all genotyped to determine their genetic variations of major caffeine metabolising enzymes. The participants’ health status was monitored during the study and, if they died, their cause of death was determined by the National Health Service using internationally recognised criteria.

What did they find?

After taking into account factors such as smoking and alcohol intake, the researchers found fewer coffee drinkers died than those who didn’t drink coffee over the ten-year study period.
Depending on the amount consumed, coffee drinkers were around 5-10% less likely to die from heart disease, cancer and other causes during the study period than non-coffee drinkers.
Compared to non-coffee drinkers, those who consumed one cup of coffee a day had an 8% lower risk of premature death; this increased to a 16% lower risk for those who drank six cups a day. People who drank up to eight cups of coffee a day were 14% less likely to die prematurely than non-coffee drinkers.
This pattern was seen for all types of coffee, including instant and decaffeinated coffee.
The researchers found drinking six or more cups of coffee a day was not associated with an increased risk of death. While some previous studies had hinted at this (see here and here) the relationship was still uncertain. The current study is the most extensive exploration of high coffee intake to date.
They also found people who had a history of cancer, diabetes, heart attack or stroke were not at a higher risk of death from drinking a moderate amount of coffee.
Finally, and most importantly, the researchers found people who were less able to break down caffeine were not at higher risk of death. We don’t know exactly why coffee is linked to longevity but there are plausible explanations.
Previously, researchers had thought people who broke down caffeine more slowly would have higher risks of heart disease because they had higher levels of caffeine in the blood than the average person. This turns out not to be so.

What does it all mean?

As with the previous studies, this is a correlation study. So, while there was an association between coffee consumption and a lower risk of death, we still can’t say coffee was the cause of the lower risk of death.
There may be some other environmental variable that was not accounted for.

Coffee consumption may entail more walking, for instance, which was not captured in the lifestyle questionnaires. But it is still plausible coffee causes the lowered death risk. While coffee is most notable for its caffeine content, it also contains a host of antioxidants such a caffeic acid and cholorogenic acid, which might have health benefits.
This may be why the risk of death in the JAMA study was also lower for those who drank decaffeinated coffee. Decaf has been similarly effective in reducing the risk of heart disease in other studies.

Despite a recent US court ruling coffee companies in California must carry cancer warning labels, this study supports previous research that coffee consumption is protective against cancer, particularly of the colon and liver.
Coffee consumption is also thought to be protective against type two diabetes, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the effect of coffee consumption is modest, and should not replace other factors such as diet and exercise.

On the other hand, women who drink coffee may have an increased fracture risk, and may wish to reduce coffee consumption during pregnancy. This week’s JAMA study might not be reason enough to start drinking coffee, but if you love the drink, you needn’t worry about having another cup.

Confira o artigo completo aqui.

Responda às perguntas a seguir:

1. What is the method of the study?
2. Could they prove that coffee lowers the risk of dying? If yes, how?
3. Is there a certain quantity of coffee to drink? If zes, which?
4. How does coffee affects our health?
5. How much coffee do you drink in a day?
6. Would you increase or decrease your consume of coffee to fit the studies? Why?

Agora, busque escrever um texto de pelo menos uma página sobre a sua relação com o café, informe se você gosta de algum tipo específico ou consegue diferenciá-los. Cite também como você se sente em contato com a cafeína e se você usa o café para trabalhar ou estudar.

Listening e Compreensão – All about Coffee

Para treinar seu listening e sua compreensão no contexto apresentado, assista o vídeo com atenção e se necessário mais de uma vez ou pausando a cada etapa. Depois, tente responder às questões apresentadas de acordo com o que foi dito no vídeo.

Caso fique muito difícil de entender, busque ativar closed captions sempre que possível. Mas perceba que os closed captions do Youtube nem sempre são 100% confiáveis. Outra dica é, nunca ative legendas em português, isso pode atrasar seu aprendizado.

No vídeo desta semana vamos nos manter no tema do texto e conhecer um pouco mais sobre um assunto que vem dominando os estudantes, a ansiedade pré-teste:

Everything you’ve ever wanted to know about coffee | Chandler Graf | TEDxACU

Responda às perguntas abaixo:

1. For which reasons do people usually like coffee?
2. Why are most of the people surprised by where does coffee come from?
3. How are the coffee grains worked until they get to the way we know?
4. Why is the ‘birth region’ of the coffee important? Give 2 examples.
5. Which types of coffee does he describe?
6. Describe shortly the ways of doing the coffee. Which one do you use/know?

Sinta-se à vontade para escrever sobre o que você conhece de cafeterias. Conte sobre os tipos de cafeterias que você já frequentou ou conhece, se você sabe a diferença entre elas e o café que cada uma serve ou se você já foi a uma degustação de diferentes tipos de café.

Cultura e Diversidade – Serie: Friends

Friends is an American television sitcom, created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, which aired on NBC from September 22, 1994 to May 6, 2004, lasting ten seasons. With an ensemble cast starring Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox (who became Courteney Cox Arquette partway through the series’ run), Lisa Kudrow, Matt LeBlanc, Matthew Perry and David Schwimmer, the show revolves around six 20–30-something friends living in Manhattan.

The series was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions, in association with Warner Bros. Television. The original executive producers were Kevin S. Bright, Marta Kauffman, and David Crane.
Kauffman and Crane began developing Friends under the title Insomnia Cafe between November and December 1993.

They presented the idea to Bright, and together they pitched a seven-page treatment of the show to NBC. After several script rewrites and changes, including a title change to Six of One, and, Friends Like Us, the series was finally named Friends.
Friends received acclaim throughout its run, becoming one of the most popular television shows of all time. The series was nominated for 62 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning the Outstanding Comedy Series award in 2002 for its eighth season.

The show ranked no. 21 on TV Guide’s 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time, and no. 7 on Empire magazine’s The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 1997, the episode “The One with the Prom Video” was ranked no. 100 on TV Guide’s 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time. In 2013, Friends ranked no. 24 on the Writers Guild of America’s 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time, and no. 28 on TV Guide’s 60 Best TV Series of All Time.

Assista ao vídeo, leia a premissa da série e algumas curiosidades sobre a locação mais amada da série:

Friends – HD – Joey Works At Central Perk

Premisse

Rachel Green flees her wedding day and finds childhood friend Monica Geller, a New York City chef. They become roommates, and Rachel joins Monica’s group of single people in their mid-20s: Struggling actor Joey Tribbiani, business professional Chandler Bing, masseuse and musician Phoebe Buffay, and newly divorced palaeontologist Ross Geller, Monica’s older brother.

Rachel becomes a waitress at Manhattan coffeehouse Central Perk; when not there, the group is usually at Monica and Rachel’s nearby West Village apartment, or Joey and Chandler’s across the hall.
Episodes depict the friends’ comedic and romantic adventures and career issues, such as Joey auditioning for roles or Rachel seeking jobs in the fashion industry. The six characters each have many dates and serious relationships, such as Monica with Richard Burke and Ross with Emily Waltham.

Ross and Rachel’s intermittent relationship is the most often-recurring storyline; during the ten seasons of the show they repeatedly date and break up, while Ross briefly marries Emily, he and Rachel have a child, Chandler and Monica date and marry each other, and Phoebe marries Mike Hannigan. Other frequently recurring characters include Ross and Monica’s parents in Long Island, Ross’s ex-wife and their son, Central Perk barista Gunther, Chandler’s ex-girlfriend Janice, and Phoebe’s twin sister Ursula.

The Central Perk

The Central Perk coffee house, one of the principal settings of the series, has inspired various imitations worldwide. In 2006, Iranian businessman Mojtaba Asadian started a Central Perk franchise, registering the name in 32 countries. The decor of the coffee houses is inspired by Friends, featuring replica couches, counters, neon signage and bricks.

The coffee houses also contain paintings of the various characters from the series, and televisions playing Friends episodes. James Michael Tyler, who plays the Central Perk manager in the series, Gunther, attended the grand opening of the Dubai cafe, where he worked as a waiter. Central Perk was rebuilt as part of a museum exhibit at Warner Bros. Studios, and was shown on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in October 2008. Jennifer Aniston revisited the set for the first time since the series finale in 2004.

From September 24 to October 7, 2009, a Central Perk replica was based at Broadwick Street, Soho, London. The coffee house sold real coffee to customers and featured a display of Friends memorabilia and props, such as the Geller Cup from the season three episode “The One with the Football.”In Beijing, business owner Du Xin opened a coffee shop named Central Perk in March 2010. In India, there are six Friends themed cafes, located in Chandigarh (named Central Perk), Kolkata (named F.R.I.E.N.D.S. Cafe) which features many icons from the original T.V. series for example, Chandler and Joey’s ugly dog statue, the orange sofa, the purple door of Monica and Rachel’s apartment and Phoebe’s pink bicycle. The other three cafes are located in Delhi, Gurgaon, Bhubaneswar and Pune.

There are two Friends themed cafes in Pakistan as well—one in Lahore known as “Friends Cafe” and the other in Peshawar called “Central Perk”. Both of those cafes have an iconic couch, a guitar and foosball table, quotes from the show on the walls and even episode reruns on a projector. They’re also planning to have their own Gunther at the bar.

Responda às Perguntas:

1. Why does Joey start working in the coffee house?
2. Do you think the experience of the serie would be the same without the coffee?
3. Where is the show located? What is the importance of coffeeshops to this city?
4. Is there any place where you always go with your friends? How did it become your meeting point and why?
5. Have you ever watch the serie ‘Friends’? Would you ever watch it to study english?

Chegamos ao fim da quadragésima quinta semana do Roteiro de Estudos Para Aprender Inglês Sozinho. Utilize os vídeos, textos e exercícios de forma alternada, começando pelo texto repetido por muitas vezes segundo a orientação, e faça cada sessão individualmente para que você possa compreender melhor o conteúdo apresentado. Lembre-se de cumprir as etapas aos poucos, já que você tem uma semana para fechar este conteúdo, e repita quantas vezes forem necessárias.

Certifique-se também que você compreendeu o novo vocabulário apresentado nas diversas sessões e sinta-se livre para checar as palavras ou expressões desconhecidas. Entretanto, entenda que se você utilizar ferramentas de tradução para entender a totalidade dos textos, você estará gastando tempo e não aprendendo nada. Caso sinta essa necessidade, volte algumas lições até que se sinta preparada para avançar. O objetivo da tradução deve ser apenas para esclarecer vocábulos ou expressões pontualmente.

Você também pode utilizar outros recursos para complementar os estudos, como livros de exercício e séries de aprendizado. Podemos encontrar este tipo de conteúdo no Youtube, como por exemplo a série Magic English da Disney, que busca ilustrar todo o conteúdo com personagens conhecidos dos desenhos, ou a coletânea da BBC Learning English disponível online. Também existem dicionários online, como o Cambridge ou o Word Reference, sites de exercícios, como o site de gramática da Oxford.

Pratique sempre que possível e acompanhe regularmente as semanas deste Roteiro de Estudos para que você possa estudar de forma mais correta e otimizar o seu aprendizado, acelerando o seu progresso. Lembre-se da importância de criar o hábito do inglês na mente, através de músicas e filmes sua mente possa se acostumar com a língua inglesa mesmo sem estar estudando efetivamente uma lição. Assim, tente criar a partir de agora uma “pequena Inglaterra” ou um “pequeno USA” na sua vida, usando tudo o que puder em inglês, inclusive coisas cotidianas como algumas expressões e redes sociais. Aproveite também para conversar sobre os assuntos vistos em aula, conte aos amigos ou família o que você aprendeu e tente utilizar não só a gramática como também o vocabulário sempre que possível.

Caso tenha ficado qualquer dúvida até esta etapa, sinta-se a vontade para revisar e repetir algumas aulas se considerar necessário. O importante é sempre manter a frequência nos estudos para que o seu inglês possa evoluir e chegar a um novo patamar. Não deixe de praticar!

Boa semana e bons estudos.